Preconception Screening Report Traits, Health Risks & Carrier Status of Ashley and Ben's Potential Children
Generated 2026-03-21
A
Ashley
×
B
Ben
100
Potential babies
18
Traits assessed
62
Health risk scores
24
Conditions screened
Trait and risk distributions across 100 simulated children
This report analyzes the genomes of both parents to model what genetic traits their future children could inherit.
We simulated 100 potential babies using a chromosome-level inheritance model, then scored each across appearance traits, polygenic health risks, and carrier conditions.
Results are shown as probability distributions across the potential babies, not as predictions for any single child.
How to read the charts
Each dot in the jitter plots represents one potential baby. Their horizontal position is their percentile relative to the general population. Hover over any dot to see the exact value.
Appearance & traits
Eye color, hair color, and skin tone use published IrisPlex and HIrisPlex models. Other traits like lactose tolerance and earwax type use single-variant Mendelian models. Some traits (e.g. hair color, skin pigmentation) also appear under Health Risk Scores as polygenic scores. These are independent methods — the locus-based models use a small number of high-effect variants, while PRS uses thousands of small-effect variants. We include both as complementary lines of evidence for transparency.
Health risk scores
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) summarize the combined effect of thousands of genetic variants. A higher percentile means higher genetic predisposition relative to the population, not a diagnosis.
Carrier screening
Recessive conditions require both parents to carry a pathogenic variant for a child to be at risk. Results show each parent's carrier status and the resulting offspring risk where assessable.
Important: This report is for informational and educational purposes only. Genetic predisposition is one factor among many. Environment, lifestyle, and chance all play major roles. This report is not a medical diagnosis and should not be used as a substitute for professional genetic counseling or clinical testing.
Each card summarizes one parent's predicted traits based on their own genotype. Appearance predictions show the parent's most likely phenotype for each trait. Health risk highlights show traits where their polygenic score falls above or below the population average.
These are the genetic contributions each parent will pass on to future children.
Predicted trait distributions across 100 potential babies
65% chance of brown eyes
Tend taller than average
No elevated carrier risk
Appearance Traits
These predictions are based on the combined effect of genetic variants known to influence eye color, hair color, skin tone, and related traits. Results show the probability distribution across potential babies. For example, a card showing 60% brown / 30% blue means roughly 6 in 10 potential babies had brown eyes. Color trait models use IrisPlex and HIrisPlex, validated predictive models developed from large population studies. Mendelian traits (earwax, lactose, freckles) are based on one or a few high-effect variants. Note: hair color and skin pigmentation also appear in the Health Risk Scores section as polygenic risk scores. These are different analytical methods that provide complementary perspectives on the same traits.
Eye Color
Chance for each color across potential babies
65%Brown
35%Blue
Most likely: Brown (65%)
Brown: 65%Blue: 35%Green Hazel: 0%
Ashley
Blue
94% probability
Ben
Brown
77% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs12913832
G/G
A/A
rs16891982
G/G
G/G
rs1800407
C/C
T/T
IrisPlex model (Walsh et al. 2013). Validated AUC 0.95 for blue, 0.73 for brown in European populations.
Hair Color
Chance for each color across potential babies
91%Blond
Most likely: Blond (91%)
Blond: 91%Brown: 5%Black: 4%Red: 0%
Shade:
Light 100%
Dark 0%
Ashley
Blond
81% probability
Ben
Brown
42% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs12913832
G/G
A/A
rs1805007
C/C
C/C
rs1805008
C/C
C/C
rs12821256
T/C
T/C
HIrisPlex model (Walsh et al. 2014). Two-stage: 4-category color + binary shade. Trained primarily on European populations.
Skin Tone
Chance for each color across potential babies
98%Pale
Most likely: Pale (98%)
Pale: 98%Intermediate: 2%Very Pale: 0%Dark: 0%Dark To Black: 0%
Ashley
Pale
45% probability
Ben
Pale
54% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs16891982
G/G
G/G
rs1426654
A/A
A/A
rs28777
A/A
A/A
HIrisPlex-S model (Walsh et al. 2017 Human Genetics; Chaitanya et al. 2018 FSI Genetics). 36-SNP ordinal logistic regression. Accuracy varies across populations.
Body traits capture physical characteristics influenced by many genetic variants working together. Height is predicted using a polygenic score based on thousands of variants and is shown separately for boys and girls, since male and female height distributions differ significantly. The chart shows where potential babies fall relative to the general population of the same sex. A child at the 70th percentile for height would be taller than 70% of people.
Height
Typical Range
Height is one of the most heritable human traits, with genetics accounting for roughly 80% of the variation between people. Thousands of common variants each contribute a few millimeters, collectively shaping a child's growth trajectory. Nutrition, health, and other environmental factors account for the remaining ~20%.
ShorterAverageTaller
? of 100 are taller than average
? are in the average range
? are shorter than average
Ashley: genetic estimate
Ben: genetic estimate
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated cm per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (169.8 cm). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Hair color is influenced by dozens of genetic variants that control the type and amount of melanin pigment produced. These polygenic scores capture the combined effect of many variants, each contributing a small push toward a particular shade. A higher percentile means a stronger genetic tendency toward that color relative to the general population. The top-ranked color is the one your children are most genetically predisposed to.
Brown
67th
21st96th
Blonde
54th
95th8th
Light Brown
53rd
97th4th
Dark Brown
39th
3rd92nd
Black
38th
4th84th
Red
16th
21st13th
Offspring median
AshleyBen
Fluid intelligence
Typical Range
Fluid intelligence is the capacity to reason through novel problems without relying on learned knowledge. It is approximately 50% heritable and declines gradually with age. Scores are shown on an IQ-like scale (percentile-matched to mean 100, SD 15) for ease of interpretation. Note that this is not a validated IQ test.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 66th percentile
(IQR 44–80th), with a predicted median of ~7.4 score.
Population average is 7.3 score.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
87th percentile
Ben:
30th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated score per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (7.3 score). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
A higher percentile indicates a greater tendency to burn rather than tan after sun exposure. People who burn easily typically have less protective melanin and should be especially diligent about sun protection.
Most potential babies carry significantly below-average genetic risk.
Offspring median: 33th percentile
(IQR 20–48th).
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
28th percentile
Ben:
35th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Odds ratio across PRS percentile bins
Odds ratio per PRS bin vs. population average (OR = 1.0, dashed line). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
These traits are largely determined by one or two genetic variants with strong, well-replicated effects. While they are scientifically valid, they are considered "fun" because they are benign, quirky, or surprising, and not medically relevant. Results reflect the most likely outcome given each potential baby's inherited genotype. Keep in mind that environmental factors and gene-gene interactions can still play a role.
Earwax Type
Wet
100%
Dry
0%
Most likely: Wet
Based on 100 potential babies
Ashley
Wet
100% probability
Ben
Wet
100% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs17822931
C/C
C/C
ABCC11 rs17822931. Near-perfect Mendelian. Also associated with body odor.
Lactose Tolerance
Tolerant
100%
Intolerant
0%
Most likely: Tolerant
Based on 100 potential babies
Ashley
Tolerant
100% probability
Ben
Tolerant
100% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs4988235
A/A
A/A
LCT rs4988235. Primary European persistence allele. Other populations have different persistence variants.
OR6A2 rs72921001. Association study, not deterministic. C allele associated with soapy perception (OR=0.81 per A allele, Eriksson et al. 2012).
Asparagus Metabolite Detection
Cannot Smell
100%
Can Smell
0%
Most likely: Cannot Smell
Based on 100 potential babies
Ashley
Cannot Smell
100% probability
Ben
Cannot Smell
100% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs4481887
G/G
G/G
OR2M7 region rs4481887. A allele associated with ability to detect asparagus metabolites in urine. GG = anosmia (Pelchat et al. 2011, Eriksson et al. 2010, p=7e-24).
Alcohol Flush Reaction
Non Flusher
100%
Flusher
0%
Severe Flusher
0%
Most likely: Non Flusher
Based on 100 potential babies
Ashley
Non Flusher
100% probability
Ben
Non Flusher
100% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs671
G/G
G/G
ALDH2 rs671. Semi-dominant. Predominantly East Asian populations. AA carries elevated esophageal cancer risk.
Photic Sneeze Reflex
Unlikely
53%
Likely
47%
Most likely: Unlikely
Based on 100 potential babies
Ashley
Likely
50% probability
Ben
Unlikely
75% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs10427255
C/T
C/T
rs10427255 near ZEB2 (chr2), rs11856995 near NR2F2 (chr15). GWAS-based, probabilistic. C allele at rs10427255 is the risk allele (REF), so dosage is flipped. Autosomal dominant pattern clinically.
Cleft Chin
Possible
100%
Likely
0%
Unlikely
0%
Most likely: Possible
Based on 100 potential babies
Ashley
Likely
100% probability
Ben
Unlikely
100% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs11684042
A/A
G/G
Not purely Mendelian despite common teaching. Polygenic with environmental influence.
Hair Texture / Curl
Straight
100%
Wavy Curly
0%
Most likely: Straight
Based on 100 potential babies
Ashley
Straight
50% probability
Ben
Straight
50% probability
Locus
Ashley
Ben
rs3827760
A/A
A/A
rs11803731
A/A
A/A
EDAR rs3827760 G=straight (East Asian EDAR 370A). TCHH rs11803731 A=straight/T=curly (European); dosage flipped because REF=A is the straight allele.
A
B
Some future children may be at higher risk
Based on potential babies genetic scores
Eczema/dermatitis
99th percentile
Breast cancer
92th percentile
Multiple sclerosis
87th percentile
Varicose veins
87th percentile
Asthma Risk
81th percentile
Osteoporosis
78th percentile
Health Polygenic Risk Scores
Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) measure the cumulative effect of thousands of common genetic variants on disease risk. Each score places a person on a population distribution. The percentile shown is where the median potential baby falls relative to the general population. A child at the 80th percentile for a condition has higher inherited genetic risk than 80% of the population, but this does not mean they will develop the condition. Most common diseases are shaped by both genetics and environment. Scores are grouped by disease category below.
For binary traits (diseases), each PRS card includes an Odds Ratio (OR) chart. An OR compares the odds of developing a condition at a given PRS percentile to the population average. OR = 1.0 means average risk; OR > 1.0 means higher-than-average odds (e.g., OR = 1.5 means 50% higher odds); OR < 1.0 means lower odds. The OR reflects relative genetic risk only and does not account for lifestyle, family history, or environmental factors.
Important: These scores reflect relative genetic predisposition only. They are not diagnoses and do not predict whether any child will develop these conditions. Environmental and lifestyle factors are not captured. Consult a physician or genetic counselor for clinical interpretation.
Heart & Circulation
Heart Attack Risk
Well Below Average
Heart attack (myocardial infarction) occurs when a coronary artery becomes blocked, starving heart muscle of oxygen. Most heart attacks are preceded by years of modifiable risk factor accumulation.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 2.8% lifetime probability, below the population average of ~4%.
Most potential babies carry significantly below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 9th percentile
(IQR 4–27th), corresponding to an estimated ~2.8% lifetime risk.
Varicose veins are dilated, twisted veins near the skin surface, most commonly in the legs. They are caused by weakened vein valves and are influenced by genetic factors as well as standing occupations and pregnancy.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 4.9% lifetime probability, which is notably above the population average of ~3%.
Most potential babies carry significantly above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 87th percentile
(IQR 74–95th), corresponding to an estimated ~4.9% lifetime risk.
High blood pressure (hypertension) is the leading modifiable risk factor for heart disease and stroke worldwide. It rarely causes symptoms but silently damages arteries, kidneys, and the heart over time.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 35.4% lifetime probability, below the population average of ~45%.
Most potential babies carry significantly below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 14th percentile
(IQR 7–25th), corresponding to an estimated ~35.4% lifetime risk.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot in a deep vein, most often in the leg. Clots can break free and travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism), a potentially life-threatening complication.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 1.9% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~2%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 20th percentile
(IQR 11–40th), corresponding to an estimated ~1.9% lifetime risk.
Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in arteries between heartbeats. Elevated values contribute to arterial stiffness and long-term cardiovascular risk even when systolic pressure is controlled.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 24th percentile
(IQR 12–34th), with a predicted median of ~81.0 mmHg.
Population average is 82.6 mmHg.
Typical
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
8th percentile
Ben:
47th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated mmHg per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (82.6 mmHg). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm that increases stroke risk fivefold and can contribute to heart failure. It is often silent and discovered incidentally on a routine ECG.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 2.5% lifetime probability, below the population average of ~3%.
Most potential babies carry below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 26th percentile
(IQR 13–40th), corresponding to an estimated ~2.5% lifetime risk.
High cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) causes fatty plaque buildup in artery walls, raising the risk of heart attack and stroke. It is largely asymptomatic until a cardiovascular event occurs, making genetic risk awareness particularly useful.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 42.6% lifetime probability, above the population average of ~39%.
Most potential babies carry above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 62th percentile
(IQR 50–72th), corresponding to an estimated ~42.6% lifetime risk.
Resting heart rate reflects cardiovascular efficiency. Lower resting heart rates generally indicate better cardiovascular fitness; very high rates are associated with increased cardiac risk.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 61th percentile
(IQR 46–76th), with a predicted median of ~71.3 beats per minute.
Population average is 70.2 beats per minute.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
77th percentile
Ben:
46th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated beats per minute per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (70.2 beats per minute). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Systolic blood pressure is the peak pressure in arteries during a heartbeat. It is the stronger predictor of cardiovascular events and stroke risk, particularly in adults over 50.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 44th percentile
(IQR 28–56th), with a predicted median of ~138.6 mmHg.
Population average is 139.8 mmHg.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
19th percentile
Ben:
59th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated mmHg per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (139.8 mmHg). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally. Polygenic risk accounts for a meaningful fraction of cases beyond high-penetrance variants like BRCA1/2, which are not captured by this score.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 6.5% lifetime probability, which is notably above the population average of ~4%.
Most potential babies carry significantly above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 92th percentile
(IQR 83–98th), corresponding to an estimated ~6.5% lifetime risk.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. Most cases are slow-growing and detected by PSA screening; a minority are aggressive. Family history and genetic variants influence risk substantially.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 1.7% lifetime probability, below the population average of ~2%.
Most potential babies carry below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 25th percentile
(IQR 16–39th), corresponding to an estimated ~1.7% lifetime risk.
Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer, arising from pigment-producing cells. UV exposure dramatically amplifies inherited genetic risk, making sun protection especially important in high-risk individuals.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 1.4% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~1%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 61th percentile
(IQR 35–75th), corresponding to an estimated ~1.4% lifetime risk.
Non-melanoma skin cancers (primarily basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma) are the most common human cancers. They are highly curable when detected early, and sun exposure remains the dominant modifiable risk factor.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 6.1% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~6%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 55th percentile
(IQR 42–76th), corresponding to an estimated ~6.1% lifetime risk.
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) leads to insufficient thyroid hormone production, causing fatigue, weight gain, cold sensitivity, and depression. It is easily managed with daily hormone replacement therapy.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 3.4% lifetime probability, below the population average of ~6%.
Most potential babies carry significantly below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 24th percentile
(IQR 13–36th), corresponding to an estimated ~3.4% lifetime risk.
Type 2 diabetes impairs the body's ability to regulate blood sugar, leading to long-term damage to the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. It is strongly influenced by lifestyle but has a substantial inherited component.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 10.9% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~10%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 71th percentile
(IQR 57–84th), corresponding to an estimated ~10.9% lifetime risk.
Gout is a painful inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid crystal deposition in joints, most often the big toe. Diet and kidney function interact strongly with genetic predisposition.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 5.7% lifetime probability, above the population average of ~4%.
Most potential babies carry above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 64th percentile
(IQR 41–78th), corresponding to an estimated ~5.7% lifetime risk.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease causing near-complete destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. It requires lifelong insulin therapy and affects about 0.5% of the population.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 0.6% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~0%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 47th percentile
(IQR 19–84th), corresponding to an estimated ~0.6% lifetime risk.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of cholesterol or bile salts in the gallbladder. They often cause no symptoms but can trigger sudden severe abdominal pain and may require surgical removal.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 10.4% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~10%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 51th percentile
(IQR 31–78th), corresponding to an estimated ~10.4% lifetime risk.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease causing recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. Genetic risk interacts strongly with environmental exposures like allergens and air pollution.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 22.1% lifetime probability, which is notably above the population average of ~15%.
Most potential babies carry significantly above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 81th percentile
(IQR 68–91th), corresponding to an estimated ~22.1% lifetime risk.
Lung function (measured as FEV1 or FEV1/FVC ratio) reflects airway capacity and respiratory health. Lower genetic lung function is associated with greater COPD susceptibility and faster age-related decline.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 19th percentile
(IQR 8–33th), with a predicted median of ~1.7 .
Population average is 1.8 .
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
5th percentile
Ben:
50th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated value per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (1.8). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Habitual snoring reflects upper airway anatomy and muscle tone during sleep. Chronic snoring can disrupt sleep quality and, when linked to sleep apnea, increases cardiovascular risk.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring median: 41th percentile
(IQR 23–62th).
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
31th percentile
Ben:
68th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Odds ratio across PRS percentile bins
Odds ratio per PRS bin vs. population average (OR = 1.0, dashed line). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a progressive lung disease causing airflow limitation and breathlessness. Smoking is the dominant risk factor, but genetic susceptibility modifies who develops it.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 5.8% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~6%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 57th percentile
(IQR 27–77th), corresponding to an estimated ~5.8% lifetime risk.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, both of which cause chronic gut inflammation, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, with significant quality-of-life impact.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 1.7% lifetime probability, above the population average of ~1%.
Most potential babies carry above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 76th percentile
(IQR 52–87th), corresponding to an estimated ~1.7% lifetime risk.
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any segment of the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and malnutrition.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 0.4% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~1%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 62th percentile
(IQR 50–79th), corresponding to an estimated ~0.4% lifetime risk.
Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease causing continuous inflammation and ulceration of the colon lining. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and fatigue.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 0.8% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~1%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 38th percentile
(IQR 17–59th), corresponding to an estimated ~0.8% lifetime risk.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease causing joint inflammation, pain, and progressive joint destruction. It also increases cardiovascular risk and can affect organs beyond the joints.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 0.7% lifetime probability, below the population average of ~1%.
Most potential babies carry significantly below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 4th percentile
(IQR 2–8th), corresponding to an estimated ~0.7% lifetime risk.
Osteoporosis is defined by reduced bone density and microarchitectural deterioration, substantially increasing fracture risk. Calcium, vitamin D, and weight-bearing exercise are key modifiable protective factors.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 12.2% lifetime probability, which is notably above the population average of ~10%.
Most potential babies carry significantly above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 78th percentile
(IQR 55–92th), corresponding to an estimated ~12.2% lifetime risk.
Heel bone mineral density (calcaneal BMD) is a non-invasive proxy for overall skeletal strength. Lower values predict higher fracture risk and are used as an early indicator of osteoporosis susceptibility.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 28th percentile
(IQR 11–49th), with a predicted median of ~1.5 g/cm².
Population average is 1.5 g/cm².
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
17th percentile
Ben:
34th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated g/cm² per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (1.5 g/cm²). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory arthritis primarily affecting the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and progressive fusion of vertebrae. It is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 gene variant.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 0.4% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~0%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 35th percentile
(IQR 30–42th), corresponding to an estimated ~0.4% lifetime risk.
Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease, involving progressive cartilage breakdown in the hips, knees, hands, and spine. It is a leading cause of pain and disability in older adults.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 13.0% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~13%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 64th percentile
(IQR 45–80th), corresponding to an estimated ~13.0% lifetime risk.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the myelin sheath of nerve fibers. It causes a wide range of neurological symptoms that vary by affected region.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 0.9% lifetime probability, above the population average of ~0%.
Most potential babies carry above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 87th percentile
(IQR 79–93th), corresponding to an estimated ~0.9% lifetime risk.
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, often debilitating headaches, typically with nausea, light sensitivity, and visual disturbances. It affects about 1 in 7 people.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 15.4% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~15%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 80th percentile
(IQR 66–92th), corresponding to an estimated ~15.4% lifetime risk.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. The APOE ε4 allele is the strongest common genetic risk factor. This score aggregates many variants across the genome to estimate polygenic risk.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 2.8% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~2%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 65th percentile
(IQR 15–68th), corresponding to an estimated ~2.8% lifetime risk.
Tendency toward anxious or worried thinking is a heritable personality dimension. Genetics account for roughly 40% of anxiety predisposition. This score reflects inherited temperament, not a clinical anxiety disorder.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 59.5% lifetime probability, which is notably above the population average of ~57%.
Most potential babies carry significantly above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 64th percentile
(IQR 41–84th), corresponding to an estimated ~59.5% lifetime risk.
Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition causing itchy, inflamed patches. It often begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood, frequently co-occurring with asthma and hay fever.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 15.5% lifetime probability, which is notably above the population average of ~10%.
Most potential babies carry significantly above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 99th percentile
(IQR 93–100th), corresponding to an estimated ~15.5% lifetime risk.
Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition accelerating skin cell turnover, producing raised, scaly red plaques. It affects about 2-3% of people and is often associated with psoriatic arthritis and cardiovascular risk.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 2.9% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~3%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 43th percentile
(IQR 27–64th), corresponding to an estimated ~2.9% lifetime risk.
Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) is an immune overreaction to airborne allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. It affects about 1 in 4 people and frequently co-occurs with asthma and eczema.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 26.4% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~26%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 56th percentile
(IQR 41–71th), corresponding to an estimated ~26.4% lifetime risk.
Cataracts are the clouding of the eye's natural lens, causing blurred vision, glare sensitivity, and eventually blindness if untreated. They are the leading cause of reversible blindness worldwide and are surgically correctable.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 17.8% lifetime probability, which is notably above the population average of ~17%.
Most potential babies carry significantly above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 71th percentile
(IQR 54–83th), corresponding to an estimated ~17.8% lifetime risk.
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases causing progressive optic nerve damage, often from elevated eye pressure. It is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally and is manageable if caught early.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 2.1% lifetime probability, near the population average of ~2%.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 47th percentile
(IQR 32–64th), corresponding to an estimated ~2.1% lifetime risk.
Body fat percentage reflects the proportion of fat relative to total body mass. Values above 25% in men or 32% in women are associated with increased metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk.
Most potential babies carry significantly below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 7th percentile
(IQR 2–17th), with a predicted median of ~29.9 percent.
Population average is 31.2 percent.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
0th percentile
Ben:
35th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated percent per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (31.2 percent). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Trunk fat percentage specifically measures central (abdominal) adiposity, which carries higher metabolic risk than fat stored in the limbs. Central obesity is strongly linked to insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring median: 10th percentile
(IQR 2–22th).
Typical
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
1th percentile
Ben:
45th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated percent per PRS bin. Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Waist circumference is a direct measure of abdominal obesity. Excess visceral fat releases inflammatory signals and is more strongly linked to heart disease and diabetes than overall body weight.
Most potential babies carry below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 15th percentile
(IQR 6–27th), with a predicted median of ~87.6 cm.
Population average is 91.4 cm.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
6th percentile
Ben:
22th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated cm per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (91.4 cm). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Fat-free mass (lean mass) includes muscle, bone, and body water. Higher lean mass is associated with greater strength, lower metabolic disease risk, and longer healthy lifespan.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring median: 24th percentile
(IQR 14–47th).
Typical
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
47th percentile
Ben:
12th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated kilograms per PRS bin. Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Facial aging rate is influenced by genetics, UV exposure, and lifestyle. Genetic variants affecting collagen production and DNA repair contribute to how quickly visible signs of aging appear.
For your children, the typical genetic profile translates to an estimated 77.7% lifetime probability, above the population average of ~75%.
Most potential babies carry above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 74th percentile
(IQR 59–89th), corresponding to an estimated ~77.7% lifetime risk.
Habitual walking pace is a reliable proxy for overall cardiovascular fitness and longevity. Faster walkers consistently show lower risks of metabolic and cardiovascular disease in large population studies.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 38th percentile
(IQR 15–55th), with a predicted median of ~3.3 meters/second.
Population average is 3.3 meters/second.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
25th percentile
Ben:
48th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated meters/second per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (3.3 meters/second). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Hand grip strength is a validated marker of overall musculoskeletal fitness and physical vitality. Low grip strength in midlife predicts higher rates of disability, cardiovascular events, and early mortality.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 59th percentile
(IQR 37–74th), with a predicted median of ~32.4 kilograms.
Population average is 32.3 kilograms.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
61th percentile
Ben:
51th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated kilograms per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (32.3 kilograms). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of red blood cells. Abnormal values help distinguish types of anemia: small cells suggest iron deficiency, while large cells suggest B12 or folate deficiency.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 76th percentile
(IQR 63–88th), with a predicted median of ~93.4 fL.
Population average is 92.2 fL.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
20th percentile
Ben:
98th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated fL per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (92.2 fL). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Platelet count reflects the number of clotting cells in the blood. Very low counts (thrombocytopenia) increase bleeding risk; very high counts (thrombocytosis) can increase clotting risk.
Most potential babies carry significantly below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 25th percentile
(IQR 9–42th), with a predicted median of ~237.0 cells per microliter.
Population average is 255.6 cells per microliter.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
11th percentile
Ben:
37th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated cells per microliter per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (255.6 cells per microliter). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Eosinophil count measures immune cells involved in allergic responses and defense against parasites. Elevated counts often accompany eczema, asthma, and hay fever.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 72th percentile
(IQR 56–86th), with a predicted median of ~1.2 cells/µL.
Population average is 1.2 cells/µL.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
92th percentile
Ben:
37th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated cells/µL per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (1.2 cells/µL). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Red blood cell count reflects the body's oxygen-carrying capacity. Low counts indicate anemia; high counts can increase blood viscosity and clotting risk.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 31th percentile
(IQR 17–46th), with a predicted median of ~5.4 million cells/µL.
Population average is 5.5 million cells/µL.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
58th percentile
Ben:
13th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated million cells/µL per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (5.5 million cells/µL). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Mean platelet volume (MPV) reflects average platelet size. Larger platelets are more metabolically active and are associated with increased platelet aggregation and cardiovascular risk.
Most potential babies carry below-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 33th percentile
(IQR 16–53th), with a predicted median of ~10.0 fL.
Population average is 10.3 fL.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
51th percentile
Ben:
19th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated fL per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (10.3 fL). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Monocyte count measures a type of white blood cell critical for immune surveillance and fighting infections. Chronically elevated levels can indicate systemic inflammation.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 39th percentile
(IQR 22–55th), with a predicted median of ~1.5 cells/uL.
Population average is 1.5 cells/uL.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
5th percentile
Ben:
85th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated cells/uL per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (1.5 cells/uL). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
White blood cell count reflects overall immune system activity. Chronically high counts may indicate inflammation or infection; low counts may signal immune suppression.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 40th percentile
(IQR 23–58th), with a predicted median of ~7.8 cells per microliter.
Population average is 8.0 cells per microliter.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
28th percentile
Ben:
50th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated cells per microliter per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (8.0 cells per microliter). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Neutrophil count measures the most abundant white blood cell, essential for fighting bacterial and fungal infections. Abnormally low or high counts may indicate immune or blood disorders.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 57th percentile
(IQR 40–72th), with a predicted median of ~5.3 cells/μL.
Population average is 5.2 cells/μL.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
45th percentile
Ben:
67th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated cells/μL per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (5.2 cells/μL). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Basophil count measures the rarest white blood cell type, involved in allergic and inflammatory responses. Elevated basophil counts can be seen in allergic disease and certain myeloproliferative disorders.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 52th percentile
(IQR 33–64th), with a predicted median of ~1.0 cells/µL.
Population average is 1.0 cells/µL.
Typical
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
37th percentile
Ben:
64th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated cells/µL per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (1.0 cells/µL). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Low levels indicate anemia; elevated levels may suggest polycythemia or dehydration. Genetic variants affect both production and breakdown.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 48th percentile
(IQR 31–63th), with a predicted median of ~15.1 g/dL.
Population average is 15.2 g/dL.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
46th percentile
Ben:
60th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated g/dL per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (15.2 g/dL). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Sleep duration preference is heritable; consistent short (<6 hrs) or long (>9 hrs) sleepers face elevated risks of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decline.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 75th percentile
(IQR 63–91th), with a predicted median of ~8.3 hours.
Population average is 8.2 hours.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
62th percentile
Ben:
88th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated hours per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (8.2 hours). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Coffee intake frequency has a significant inherited component, largely driven by variants affecting caffeine metabolism speed (CYP1A2) and bitter taste perception.
Most potential babies carry above-average genetic risk.
Offspring cluster near the 73th percentile
(IQR 54–86th), with a predicted median of ~3.5 cups per day.
Population average is 3.3 cups per day.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
55th percentile
Ben:
82th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated cups per day per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (3.3 cups per day). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Chronotype is the natural tendency to be a morning or evening person. It is about 50% heritable and influences sleep quality, mood, and metabolic health.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 56th percentile
(IQR 38–72th), with a predicted median of ~3.2 .
Population average is 3.2 .
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
24th percentile
Ben:
77th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated value per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (3.2). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Alcohol intake frequency reflects genetic influences on drinking behavior, including alcohol metabolism speed and neurological reward pathways. This does not measure alcoholism risk, but rather habitual consumption patterns.
Potential babies cluster within the typical range for this trait.
Offspring cluster near the 46th percentile
(IQR 20–78th), with a predicted median of ~4.8 categories.
Population average is 4.8 categories.
DecreasedTypicalIncreased
0th50th100th
? of 100 are at increased genetic risk
? are in the typical range
? are at decreased genetic risk
Ashley:
99th percentile
Ben:
1th percentile
Percentiles based on EUR reference population
Effect size across PRS percentile bins
Estimated categories per PRS bin, dashed line at population mean (4.8 categories). Teal bars below show the fraction of potential babies in each bin.
Parental genotypes did not show both parents carrying the same pathogenic variant. Note: some conditions cannot be assessed from SNP array data.
Carrier Screening
Many serious inherited conditions are recessive, meaning a child is only affected if they inherit a pathogenic variant from both parents. Each parent may carry one copy without any symptoms. This section checks whether both parents carry variants in the same gene, which would put future children at risk. Where both parents are carriers of the same autosomal recessive condition, each child has a 25% chance of being affected and a 50% chance of being a carrier. For X-linked conditions, risk depends on the mother's carrier status and the child's sex. A "Non-carrier" result means no pathogenic variant was detected for that condition in the tested panel, though this does not rule out all possible variants. Some conditions cannot be assessed from consumer genotyping data and require dedicated clinical testing.
Assessed from genotyping data
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE)
HFE · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Carrier
Ben: Non-carrier
Variant
Change
Ashley
Ben
rs1800562
p.Cys282Tyr (C282Y)
G/G (Non-carrier)
G/G (Non-carrier)
rs1799945
p.His63Asp (H63D)
C/G (Carrier)
C/C (Non-carrier)
One parent is a carrier. Offspring have 50% chance of being a carrier, 0% chance of being affected.
Iron accumulation in organs; highly treatable with phlebotomy. H63D compound het with C282Y confers moderate, variably penetrant risk.
0%
offspring affected risk
50% carrier
Sickle Cell Disease
HBB · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Non-carrier
Ben: Non-carrier
Neither parent is a carrier. Offspring risk is negligible.
Carriers (sickle cell trait) are generally healthy but may have complications in extreme conditions. Affected individuals have hemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusive crises. ACOG recommends universal hemoglobinopathy screening. Screening recommended especially for individuals of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, or South Asian ancestry.
0%
offspring affected risk
Gaucher Disease
GBA1 · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Non-carrier
Ben: Non-carrier
Neither parent is a carrier. Offspring risk is negligible.
Lysosomal storage disorder. Type 1 (non-neuronopathic) is most common and highly treatable with enzyme replacement therapy. GBA1 variants also increase Parkinson disease risk in carriers. Prevalent in Ashkenazi Jewish populations.
0%
offspring affected risk
Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia
F5 · Autosomal Dominant Partial
Ashley: Non-carrier
Ben: Non-carrier
Neither parent carries this variant. Offspring risk is negligible.
Heterozygotes have 3 to 8x increased venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk; homozygotes ~80x. Risk is substantially elevated with oral contraceptives, pregnancy, or surgery. This is not a standard autosomal recessive condition, so offspring risk applies even with one carrier parent.
0%
offspring affected risk
Prothrombin G20210A Thrombophilia
F2 · Autosomal Dominant Partial
Ashley: Non-carrier
Ben: Non-carrier
Neither parent carries this variant. Offspring risk is negligible.
Raises VTE risk 2–4x in heterozygotes. Risk compounds with Factor V Leiden or acquired risk factors (pregnancy, surgery, OCP use).
0%
offspring affected risk
MCAD Deficiency
ACADM · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Non-carrier
Ben: Non-carrier
Neither parent is a carrier. Offspring risk is negligible.
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Affected children can develop life-threatening hypoketotic hypoglycemia during fasting or illness. Identified by newborn screening in most countries; managed by avoiding prolonged fasting.
0%
offspring affected risk
Canavan Disease
ASPA · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Not determined
Ben: Not determined
Variants not detected in this dataset. Carrier status could not be determined.
Spongy degeneration of the white matter. Affected children have macrocephaly, severe hypotonia, and progressive neurodegeneration. No effective treatment. Carrier screening recommended for Ashkenazi Jewish individuals and those with family history.
N/A
not determined
Familial Dysautonomia
ELP1 · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Not determined
Ben: Not determined
Variants not detected in this dataset. Carrier status could not be determined.
Autonomic and sensory neuropathy affecting autonomic function (blood pressure, temperature, pain perception). Affected individuals have reduced life expectancy. ACOG and ACMG recommend screening for Ashkenazi Jewish individuals.
N/A
not determined
Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia
G6PC1 · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Not determined
Ben: Not determined
Variants not detected in this dataset. Carrier status could not be determined.
Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency causing severe hypoglycemia with fasting, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia. Managed with frequent high-carbohydrate feeds and uncooked cornstarch. Carrier screening recommended for Ashkenazi Jewish individuals.
N/A
not determined
Mucolipidosis IV
MCOLN1 · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Not determined
Ben: Not determined
Variants not detected in this dataset. Carrier status could not be determined.
Lysosomal storage disorder causing progressive visual impairment, hypotonia, psychomotor delay, and achlorhydria. No disease-modifying treatment. Carrier screening recommended for Ashkenazi Jewish individuals.
N/A
not determined
Niemann-Pick Disease Types A/B
SMPD1 · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Not determined
Ben: Not determined
Variants not detected in this dataset. Carrier status could not be determined.
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase deficiency. Type A (infantile) is rapidly fatal; Type B has more variable neuronopathic involvement and later onset. No approved disease-modifying therapy for Type A. Carrier screening recommended for Ashkenazi Jewish individuals.
N/A
not determined
Joubert Syndrome Type 2
TMEM216 · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Not determined
Ben: Not determined
Variants not detected in this dataset. Carrier status could not be determined.
Cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome with molar tooth sign on MRI, hypotonia, ataxia, and variable intellectual disability. May include retinal dystrophy and renal abnormalities. No curative treatment.
N/A
not determined
Usher Syndrome Type 3A
CLRN1 · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Not determined
Ben: Not determined
Variants not detected in this dataset. Carrier status could not be determined.
Progressive hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa with onset in adolescence or early adulthood. Balance difficulties may occur. No curative treatment; cochlear implants and vision aids are supportive. Founder variant in Finnish and Ashkenazi Jewish populations.
N/A
not determined
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
PAH · Autosomal Recessive
Ashley: Not determined
Ben: Not determined
Variants not detected in this dataset. Carrier status could not be determined.
Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Untreated causes intellectual disability. Identified by newborn screening; treated with low-Phe diet or sapropterin. Important: many PAH variants exist; only R408W is assessed here.
N/A
not determined
G6PD Deficiency
G6PD · X Linked Recessive
Ashley: Not determined
Ben: Not determined
X-linked risk calculation requires one male and one female parent. Could not determine parental sex from genotyping data.
X-linked recessive. Males with one variant copy are affected; females need two copies but carriers may have mild symptoms under oxidative stress. G6PD deficiency causes hemolytic anemia triggered by certain medications (e.g. primaquine, sulfonamides), fava beans, and infections. Affected individuals should avoid known triggers. This variant (G6PD A-) is the most common cause of G6PD deficiency worldwide.
N/A
not determined
Requires clinical testing (not assessable from SNP array)
These conditions involve variants (short indels, copy number changes, or repeat expansions) that cannot be reliably detected from consumer genotyping arrays. Clinical laboratory testing is required.
Condition
Gene
Inheritance
Reason
Cystic Fibrosis
CFTR
Autosomal Recessive
F508del (rs113993960) is a 3-base deletion not reliably captured by SNP imputation. Clinical CFTR carrier panels test 23–139+ variants.
Tay-Sachs Disease
HEXA
Autosomal Recessive
Most common pathogenic allele (rs387906309) is a 4-base insertion (c.1274_1277dupTATC). Short insertions are not reliably captured by SNP imputation.
Bloom Syndrome
BLM
Autosomal Recessive
The Ashkenazi founder variant (rs113993962) is a complex deletion-insertion (c.2207_2212delinsTAGATTC) not reliably captured by SNP imputation.
Fanconi Anemia (Group C)
FANCC
Autosomal Recessive
Pathogenic allele (rs104886459) is a 1-base deletion (c.67delG) not reliably captured by SNP imputation.
Congenital Hyperinsulinism (ABCC8)
ABCC8
Autosomal Recessive
Founder variant (rs151344624) is a 3-base deletion (c.4160_4162del) not reliably captured by SNP imputation.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
SMN1
Autosomal Recessive
SMA is caused by SMN1 exon 7/8 copy number loss, detectable only by MLPA or quantitative PCR. SNP genotyping and imputation cannot reliably detect this.
Fragile X Syndrome
FMR1
X Linked Dominant
Fragile X results from CGG repeat expansion in FMR1. Carrier status is determined by repeat count (normal <44, premutation 55–200, full mutation >200). Not detectable from SNP arrays.
Alpha-Thalassemia / Hydrops Fetalis Risk
HBA1/HBA2
Autosomal Recessive
Alpha-thalassemia is caused by HBA1/HBA2 deletions (−α3.7, −α4.2, −−SEA, −−MED, etc.) detectable only by deletion analysis, MLPA, or quantitative PCR. SNP arrays cannot reliably detect these deletions.
Beta-Thalassemia
HBB
Autosomal Recessive
Beta-thalassemia involves hundreds of HBB pathogenic variants (many population-specific); comprehensive clinical screening uses hemoglobin electrophoresis plus DNA sequencing rather than targeted SNP arrays.
Limitations and Caveats
Results represent statistical distributions across 100 simulated children, not predictions for any specific child.
Trait prediction models are validated primarily in populations of European ancestry. Accuracy may be lower for other ancestries.
Consumer genotyping arrays capture a subset of genetic variants. Rare variants and structural variants are not assessed.
Where genotyping data is used, ungenotyped variants are statistically inferred (imputed). Imputed genotypes carry some uncertainty, particularly for rare variants.
Polygenic risk scores reflect relative genetic predisposition, not absolute disease risk. Environmental factors, lifestyle, and family history are not captured.
Carrier screening covers a curated subset of common pathogenic variants only. A negative result does not exclude carrier status for unlisted variants or conditions.
These results are informational only and do not constitute medical advice or clinical diagnosis.
Do not make reproductive decisions based solely on these results. Consult a genetic counselor for clinical guidance.
Methods
Genotype Processing
Each parent's raw genotyping file is parsed, normalized, and converted to a standard genomic variant format. Variants are aligned to the GRCh37/hg19 human reference genome. Quality control filters remove low-confidence genotype calls, strand-ambiguous variants, and sites with excessive missingness.
Imputation and Phasing
For genotyping array data, ungenotyped variants are statistically inferred (imputed) using population-matched reference panels from large-scale sequencing projects. This process also resolves the phase of each variant (which allele sits on which chromosome), producing a complete, phased representation of each parent's genome across all 22 autosomes. Whole-genome sequencing data already contains the full set of variants and does not require imputation.
Ancestry Inference
Genetic ancestry is estimated by projecting each parent's genotype data onto a principal component space derived from globally diverse reference samples. A trained classifier assigns the most likely continental ancestry group, which is used to select the appropriate reference population for polygenic risk score interpretation.
Offspring Simulation
100 offspring genomes are generated by simulating biological meiosis for each parent. Crossover events are placed according to sex-specific recombination rate maps, and one haplotype from each parent is randomly transmitted per chromosome. This produces realistic offspring genomes that reflect the natural genetic variation between siblings.
Trait Scoring
Appearance and simple Mendelian traits (eye color, hair color, earwax type, etc.) are scored using published predictive models that combine genotypes at a small number of well-characterized loci. Polygenic risk scores aggregate the effects of thousands of common variants into a single score per trait, which is then compared to a population reference distribution to produce a percentile. Carrier screening evaluates curated pathogenic variants associated with recessive and dominant genetic conditions.
Report Generation
Per-child results are aggregated into family-level distributions. For each trait, the report shows the median, interquartile range, and full spread of outcomes across all potential babies. Effect sizes and confidence intervals for polygenic scores are derived from published reference data. All results are probabilistic estimates and should not be interpreted as clinical diagnoses.
Frequently Asked Questions
The report says I should have brown eyes, but I actually have green. Is something wrong?
Not at all. Genetic prediction models capture the most common patterns, but eye color, hair color, and many other traits are influenced by dozens of genes and subtle interactions that no model fully accounts for. Your genotype may carry modifier variants that shift the outcome away from the most likely prediction. Think of these results as probabilities, not certainties.
Does an elevated PRS mean my children will definitely develop that condition?
No. A polygenic risk score reflects inherited genetic predisposition relative to the general population. It does not account for diet, exercise, environment, medications, or protective genetic variants not included in the score. Most people with elevated PRS never develop the condition, and some people with low PRS do. These scores are best understood as one piece of a larger picture.
Should I start taking medication or change my lifestyle based on these results?
This report is not medical advice and should not be used to make treatment decisions. If a result concerns you, bring it to your physician or a certified genetic counselor. They can evaluate your full medical history, family history, and clinical test results before recommending any action.
Why do the potential babies show a range of outcomes instead of a single prediction?
Each biological child inherits a random combination of parental DNA. During reproduction, chromosomes recombine and segregate independently, so every child receives a unique genetic hand. By simulating 100 possible children, the report shows the realistic spread of outcomes rather than a single best guess.
What does "percentile" mean in the PRS results?
Percentile tells you where a person falls on the population distribution for a given trait. A child at the 75th percentile has a higher genetic score than 75% of the reference population. It does not mean a 75% chance of developing the condition.
Are carrier screening results diagnostic?
No. Carrier screening from consumer genotyping data covers a limited set of well-characterized variants. A "non-carrier" result does not rule out all possible mutations in a gene. If you are planning a pregnancy and have a family history of a genetic condition, clinical-grade carrier screening through a medical provider is recommended.
How accurate are the trait predictions for non-European ancestry?
Most genetic models used in this report were developed and validated primarily in European-ancestry populations. Accuracy may be reduced for individuals of other ancestries because allele frequencies, linkage patterns, and gene-environment interactions can differ across populations. The ancestry note on each PRS card indicates which reference population was used.
Is this a clinical-grade genetic test?
No. This report is generated from consumer genotyping data (such as 23andMe) and has not been performed or validated in a CLIA-certified clinical laboratory. The models used are based on published research, but they have not undergone the regulatory review required for clinical diagnostics. If any result raises concerns, follow up with a healthcare provider who can order confirmatory clinical testing.
Can I use this report for legal or insurance purposes?
No. This report is for personal informational use only. It should not be used for legal, insurance, or employment decisions.